Many postmodernists appear to deny that an objective reality exists, and appear to deny that there are objective moral values. The postmodern era has for its distinctive task in philosophy the exploration of a new path, no longer the ancient way of things nor the modern way of ideas, but the way of signs, whereby the peaks and valleys of ancient and modern thought alike can be surveyed and cultivated by a generation which has yet further peaks to climb and valleys to find.[19]. 4. [12] Jean-François Lyotard's seminal 1979 The Postmodern Condition stated that its hypotheses "should not be accorded predictive value in relation to reality, but strategic value in relation to the questions raised". La philosophie postmoderne est un courant philosophique apparu en France dans les années 60 (on parle aussi de French Theory pour qualifier le postmodernisme) Sont associés à ce courant philsoophique : Foucault, Deleuze et Derrida, Althusser, Lyotard, Baudrillard, Guattari, Badiou, Nancy, Sloterdijk en Allemagne; Žižek en Slovénie Many postmodernists hold one or more of the following views: (1) there is no objective reality; (2) there is no scientific or historical truth (objective truth); (3) science and technology (and even reason and logic) are not vehicles of human progress but suspect instruments of established power; (4) reason and logic are not universally valid; (5) there is no such thing as human nature (human behavior and psychology are socially determined or constructed); (6) language does not refer to a reality outside itself; (7) there is no certain knowledge; and (8) no general theory of the natural or social world can be valid or true (all are illegitimate “metanarratives”). Postmodernists deny this Enlightenment faith in science and technology as instruments of human progress. .. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Die Postmoderne richtet sich gegen den Fortschrittsglauben als ein Merkmal der Moderne und gegen die Tendenz der Vereinheitlichung in allen Bereichen des Lebens. It also broadly asserts that Western intellectual and cultural norms and values are a product of, or are in some sense influenced by, the ideology of dominant or elite groups and at least indirectly serve their interests. Insofar as the "so-called" postmoderns follow the thoroughly modern trend of idealism, it is more an ultramodernism than anything else. Les philosophes ont cru pouvoir parvenir à établir des normes de la connaissance ou de la justification des croyances, ou … Derrida, Jacques; Bass, Alan (2001). En architecture, mouvement contemporain fondé sur la remise en cause des théories modernistes et de l'emprise, durant un demi-siècle, du style international. Inspired by the work of the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, postmodernists claim that language is semantically self-contained, or self-referential: the meaning of a word is not a static thing in the world or even an idea in the mind but rather a range of contrasts and differences with the meanings of other words. An analytic philosopher, Rorty believed that combining Willard Van Orman Quine's criticism of the analytic-synthetic distinction with Wilfrid Sellars's critique of the "Myth of the Given" allowed for an abandonment of the view of the thought or language as a mirror of a reality or external world. Postmodernists reject metanarratives because they reject the concept of truth that metanarratives presuppose. Postmoderne apparaît au total comme un signifiant libre, paradoxal parce qu’essentiellement imaginaire ou si l’on préfère comme une fiction conceptuelle, une catégorie qui est de l’ordre du comme si…21 A l’inverse de ce point de vue, ayant posé l’hypothèse postmoderne dans son rapport à la It is possible, at least in principle, to construct general theories that explain many aspects of the natural or social world within a given domain of knowledge—e.g., a general theory of human history, such as dialectical materialism. En conséquence, si la définition de la philosophie suppose les métarécits, le postmodernisme est “ postphilosophique ” 19. Such reality as there is, according to postmodernists, is a conceptual construct, an artifact of scientific practice and language. Some go so far as to say that science and technology—and even reason and logic—are inherently destructive and oppressive, because they have been used by evil people, especially during the 20th century, to destroy and oppress others. This article discusses postmodernism in philosophy. Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? En philosophie, le postmodernisme devient sujet de débat en 1979 avec la publication de l'ouvrage de Jean-François Lyotard, La Condition postmoderne, que l'auteur caractérise par la perte de crédibilité et le déclin des métarécits qui sous-tendent le discours philosophique de la modernité. 8. Postmodern philosophy originated primarily in France during the mid-20th century. Indeed, many of the doctrines characteristically associated with postmodernism can fairly be described as the straightforward denial of general philosophical viewpoints that were taken for granted during the 18th-century Enlightenment, though they were not unique to that period. Ermarth, Elizabeth Deeds. postmoderne masculin et féminin identiques (orthographe rectifiée de 1990) (Art) Relatif au postmodernisme, mouvement artistique qui engage une rupture ironique avec les conventions anhistoriques du modernisme artistique. He further argued that in our postmodern condition, these metanarratives no longer work to legitimize truth-claims. This article examines the impact of postmodernism on the philosophy of education. Following Nietzsche, Foucault argued that knowledge is produced through the operations of power, and changes fundamentally in different historical periods. [1], The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy states that "The assumption that there is no common denominator in 'nature' or 'truth' ... that guarantees the possibility of neutral or objective thought" is a key assumption of postmodernism. Voir aussi postmodernisme, Postmodernisme (architecture), Littérature postmoderne et postmodernité. Because meanings are in this sense functions of other meanings—which themselves are functions of other meanings, and so on—they are never fully “present” to the speaker or hearer but are endlessly “deferred.” Self-reference characterizes not only natural languages but also the more specialized “discourses” of particular communities or traditions; such discourses are embedded in social practices and reflect the conceptual schemes and moral and intellectual values of the community or tradition in which they are used. [18] Writes Deely, The epoch of Greek and Latin philosophy was based on being in a quite precise sense: the existence exercised by things independently of human apprehension and attitude. Hal Foster déclare que le néo-expressionnisme était complice des politiques culturelles conservatrices de … Writing and Difference (New ed.). Ses liens forts avec le marché de l’art commercial ont toutefois soulevé des questions, à la fois sur son statut de mouvement postmoderne et sur la définition du postmodernisme lui-même. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1. Voir aussi Postmodernisme, Postmodernisme (architecture), Post-modernisme (littérature) et Philosophie postmoderne.. La postmodernité est un concept philosophique et intellectuel de la fin du XX e siècle qui tente, après l'effondrement des idéologies, de s'inscrire dans le prolongement du structuralisme et du déconstructivisme, tout en critiquant l'héritage du freudisme et du marxisme. [3] Postmodern philosophy questions the importance of power relationships, personalization, and discourse in the "construction" of truth and world views. According to postmodernists, language is not such a “mirror of nature,” as the American pragmatist philosopher Richard Rorty characterized the Enlightenment view. [3] Paul Feyerabend, one of the most famous twentieth-century philosophers of science, is often classified as a postmodernist; Feyerabend held that modern science is no more justified than witchcraft, and has denounced the "tyranny" of "abstract concepts such as 'truth', 'reality', or 'objectivity', which narrow people's vision and ways of being in the world". 5. Postmodern philosophy shares ontological similarities with classical skeptical and relativistic belief systems. A postmodernist then tolerates multiple conceptions of morality, even if he or she disagrees with them subjectively. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [1], Jean-François Lyotard defined philosophical postmodernism in The Postmodern Condition, writing "Simplifying to the extreme, I define postmodern as incredulity towards meta narratives...."[4] where what he means by metanarrative is something like a unified, complete, universal, and epistemically certain story about everything that is. [3], Postmodern philosophy is often particularly skeptical about simple binary oppositions characteristic of structuralism, emphasizing the problem of the philosopher cleanly distinguishing knowledge from ignorance, social progress from reversion, dominance from submission, good from bad, and presence from absence. Dans La condition postmoderne, Jean-François Lyotard s'efforce de définir la spécificité de l'esthétique et de l'heuristique des philosophies postmodernes. Postmodernist philosophers in general argue that truth is always contingent on historical and social context rather than being absolute and universal and that truth is always partial and "at issue" rather than being complete and certain. 3. Postmodernism, in contemporary Western philosophy, a late 20th-century movement characterized by broad skepticism, subjectivism, or relativism; a general suspicion of reason; and an acute sensitivity to the role of ideology in asserting and maintaining political and economic power. Further, drawing upon Donald Davidson's criticism of the dualism between conceptual scheme and empirical content, he challenges the sense of questioning whether our particular concepts are related to the world in an appropriate way, whether we can justify our ways of describing the world as compared with other ways. [13][14][15] Feyerabend also defended astrology, adopted alternative medicine, and sympathized with creationism. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/topic/postmodernism-philosophy, The Basics of Philosophy - Post-Modernism, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Postmodernism, Postmodernism - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). p. 276. Some famous thinkers associated with postmodernism are Jean Baudrillard, Gilles Deleuze, Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, Pierre-Félix Guattari, Fredric Jameson, Emmanuel Lévinas, Jean-François Lyotard, Richard Rorty, and Slavoj Žižek. Postmodernism is an intellectual stance or mode of discourse defined by an attitude of skepticism toward what it describes as the grand narratives and ideologies of modernism, as well as opposition to epistemic certainty and the stability of meaning. Two other characteristic postmodern practices are a denial that human nature exists, and a (sometimes moderate) skepticism toward claims that science and technology will change society for the better. However, several philosophical antecedents inform many of postmodern philosophy's concerns. ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Postmodern_philosophy&oldid=991011148, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 27 November 2020, at 20:07. [11] The National Research Council has characterized the belief that "social science research can never generate objective or trustworthy knowledge" as an example of a postmodernist belief. (Philosophie) Relatif à … Ernest LePore, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, afterwords. Defenders of postmodernism state that many descriptions of postmodernism exaggerate its antipathy to science; for example, Feyerabend denied that he was "anti-science", accepted that some scientific theories are superior to other theories (even if science itself is not superior to other modes of inquiry), and attempted conventional medical treatments during his fight against cancer.[13][16][17]. Postmodernists dismiss this idea as a kind of naive realism. Le postmodernisme désigne un mouvement artistique, théorisé par le critique d'art Charles Jencks[1], qui engage une rupture ironique avec les conventions anhistoriques[2] du … It is reasonable to expect that future societies will be more humane, more just, more enlightened, and more prosperous than they are now. Criticisms of postmodernism, while intellectually diverse, share the opinion that it lacks coherence and is hostile to notions such as truth, logic, and objectivity. [1][2] Postmodernist thinkers developed concepts like difference, repetition, trace, and hyperreality to subvert "grand narratives", univocity of being, and epistemic certainty. Much of Foucault’s writing is not so much philosophy as it is philosophically informed intellectual history. Dictionnaire avec le plus possible d'information: Définition du mot postmoderne avec sens, explication et signification (wiki). [8], Many postmodern claims are a deliberate repudiation of certain 18th-century Enlightenment values. [7], Postmodern philosophy also has strong relations with the substantial literature of critical theory. It was greatly influenced by the writings of Søren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche in the 19th century and other early-to-mid 20th-century philosophers, including phenomenologists Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger, psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan, structuralist Roland Barthes, Georges Bataille, and the later work of Ludwig Wittgenstein. Supporters of postmodernism deny long-held beliefs and conventions and maintain that all viewpoints are equally valid. This line of development culminated in The Postmodern Condition (1979), where the notion of universal theories was dismissed out of hand, the argument being that such 'grand narratives' (for example Marxism) had lost all credibility. London: Routledge. La philosophie postmoderne valorise plutôt le dialogue entre savoirs diversifiés où aucun n’accède à un statut privilégié (34). There is an objective natural reality, a reality whose existence and properties are logically independent of human beings—of their minds, their societies, their social practices, or their investigative techniques. Postmoderne Definition Die Postmoderne ist ein Begriff aus den 1930er und 1940er Jahren; sie gilt als Antwort auf die Moderne. These theories are pernicious not merely because they are false but because they effectively impose conformity on other perspectives or discourses, thereby oppressing, marginalizing, or silencing them. Philosophie moderne : du concept à l'idée. On applique le qualificatif de dogmatisme à toute doctrine qui part d’une certitude préalable ou même toute doctrine qui aboutit à une certitude. La notion sociale et culturelle de modernité que présuppose le discours postmoderne relatif au dépassement de celle-ci manque de détermination. Ainsi, le moderne se contente des formes qu’il connait, il ne se remet pas en cause alors que le postmoderne, les avant-gardes, questionnent et inventent sans cesse. Specifically, it is held that postmodernism can be meaningless, promotes obscurantism and uses relativism (in culture, morality, knowledge) to the extent that it cripples most judgement calls. 7. Le postmoderne décide donc de faire de l’imprésentable sa composante principale à l’inverse du moderne qui le cache. La postmodernité, aussi connue sous le nom de postmodernité, est un concept très large qui renvoie à une tendance de la culture, de l’art et de la philosophie qui a émergé à la fin du XXe siècle. For treatment of postmodernism in architecture, see the article Western architecture. Indeed, many postmodernists hold that the misguided (or unguided) pursuit of scientific and technological knowledge led to the development of technologies for killing on a massive scale in World War II. 12Celles-ci ont trait à l’entreprise postmoderne de définition sociale des catégories de modernité et de postmodernité. The much briefer epoch of modern philosophy based itself rather on the instruments of human knowing, but in a way that unnecessarily compromised being. Définitions de postmodernisme. Postmodern philosophy is a philosophical movement that arose in the second half of the 20th century as a critical response to assumptions allegedly present in modernist philosophical ideas regarding culture, identity, history, or language that were developed during the 18th-century Enlightenment. Lyotard's statement in 1984 that "I define postmodern as incredulity toward meta-narratives" extends to incredulity toward science. Postmodern philosophy is a philosophical movement that arose in the second half of the 20th century as a critical response to assumptions allegedly present in modernist philosophical ideas regarding culture, identity, history, or language that were developed during the 18th-century Enlightenment. Voir aussi Postmodernisme, Postmodernisme (architecture), Post-modernisme (littérature) et Philosophie postmoderne.. La postmodernité est un concept philosophique et intellectuel de la fin du XX e siècle qui tente, après l'effondrement des idéologies de s'inscrire dans le prolongement du structuralisme et du déconstructivisme, tout en critiquant l'héritage du freudisme et du marxisme. 6. Accuser le postmodernisme de relativisme c’est placer un métarécit dans la bouche du postmoderne. D’une manière générale, on peut dire que le postmoderne est associé au culte de l’individualité, à l’absence d’intérêt […] Les apparences visuelles des réalisations dans ce style sont caractérisées par une chose imprévisible et un chaos contrôlé. Continental philosophy: French Nietzscheanism. Ainsi, la critique du postmodernisme, dans son ensemble, est sujette à équivoque sur la définition de ce qu’elle est en réalité. The descriptive and explanatory statements of scientists and historians can, in principle, be objectively true or false. La pensée postmoderne se situent dans la perspective de surmonter le désenchantement du monde, après la désagrégation des repères culturels ou religieux résultant de la modernité, et l'échec patent des utopies révolutionnaires qu'elle avait porté. The postmodern view of language and discourse is due largely to the French philosopher and literary theorist Jacques Derrida (1930–2004), the originator and leading practitioner of deconstruction. The most influential early postmodern philosophers were Jean Baudrillard, Jean-François Lyotard, and Jacques Derrida. Language refers to and represents a reality outside itself. Reason and logic are universally valid—i.e., their laws are the same for, or apply equally to, any thinker and any domain of knowledge. Postmodernism is largely a reaction against the intellectual assumptions and values of the modern period in the history of Western philosophy (roughly, the 17th through the 19th century). The postmodern denial of this viewpoint—which follows from the rejection of an objective natural reality—is sometimes expressed by saying that there is no such thing as Truth. Derrida himself equated the theoretical tendency toward totality with totalitarianism. Philosopher John Deely has argued for the contentious claim that the label "postmodern" for thinkers such as Derrida et al. Postmodernists reject philosophical foundationalism—the attempt, perhaps best exemplified by the 17th-century French philosopher René Descartes’s dictum cogito, ergo sum (“I think, therefore I am”), to identify a foundation of certainty on which to build the edifice of empirical (including scientific) knowledge. is premature. Le concept est, selon Kant, ce qui unifie le divers de la sensation. Jacques Derrida, who is generally identified as a postmodernist, stated that "every referent, all reality has the structure of a differential trace". ... Il propose immédiatement une définition du concept « postmoderne » : « En simplifiant à l’extrême, on tient pour « postmoderne » l’incrédulité à l’égard des métarécits. Postmodernism Definition . The postmodern era is positioned to synthesize at a higher level—the level of experience, where the being of things and the activity of the finite knower compenetrate one another and provide the materials whence can be derived knowledge of nature and knowledge of culture in their full symbiosis—the achievements of the ancients and the moderns in a way that gives full credit to the preoccupations of the two. In today's society, postmodernism has led to relativism, the idea that all truth is relative. 1. La philosophie postmoderne est un mouvement philosophique apparu dans la seconde moitié du 20ème siècle comme une réponse critique aux hypothèses supposées dans les idées philosophiques modernistes concernant la culture, l’identité, l’histoire ou le langage qui ont été développées pendant les Lumières du 18ème siècle. A postmodernism that lives up to its name, therefore, must no longer confine itself to the premodern preoccupation with "things" nor with the modern confinement to "ideas", but must come to terms with the way of signs embodied in the semiotic doctrines of such thinkers as the Portuguese philosopher John Poinsot and the American philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce. [9][10] Postmodern writings often focus on deconstructing the role that power and ideology play in shaping discourse and belief. Postmodern philosophy is characterized by broad skepticism or relativism and a general suspicion of reason. Postmodernists dismiss this notion as a pipe dream and indeed as symptomatic of an unhealthy tendency within Enlightenment discourses to adopt “totalizing” systems of thought (as the French philosopher Emmanuel Lévinas called them) or grand “metanarratives” of human biological, historical, and social development (as the French philosopher Jean-François Lyotard claimed). Although some postmodernists reject the relativist label, many postmodern doctrines constitute or imply some form of relativism. Omissions? Postmodernism is a philosophy that says absolute truth does not exist. His subject areas include philosophy, law, social science, politics, political theory, and religion. The most important of these viewpoints are the following. Postmodernists also believe there are no objective moral values. Postmodernism, also spelled post-modernism, in Western philosophy, a late 20th-century movement characterized by broad skepticism, subjectivism, or relativism; a general suspicion of reason; and an acute sensitivity to the role of ideology in asserting and maintaining political and economic power. La philosophie politique utilise la notion de biopolitique pour analyser cette politique qui prend la vie, toute la vie. Brian Duignan is a senior editor at Encyclopædia Britannica. Davidson, D., 1986, "A Coherence Theory of Truth and Knowledge," Truth And Interpretation, Perspectives on the Philosophy of Donald Davidson, ed. Les termes postmoderne et postmodernisme, avec ou sans tiret, utilisés pour définir, tantôt une période, tantôt une esthétique, suscitent bien des interrogations et des controverses. For postmodernists, reason and logic too are merely conceptual constructs and are therefore valid only within the established intellectual traditions in which they are used. Ces dernières s'inscrivent dans le prolongement du structuralismeet du déconstructivisme, tout en critiquan… 1.3 La fin de la philosophie; 1.4 La fin du sujet; 2 Vidéo : Qu’est-ce qu’être postmoderne; Les postmodernes et l’idée de « fin » La fin de l’épistémologie. Les philosophes modernes nomment le concept une « idée » ou représentation de l'esprit, singulière (perceptive) ou bien qui abrège et résume une multiplicité d'objets empiriques ou mentaux par abstraction et généralisation de traits communs identifiables. Au même moment, Jencks bricole à Cape Cod le Garagia Rotunda. Instead, reality, knowledge, and value are constructed by “discourses” (shared linguistic practices) and can vary with them. He suggested that in the wake of the collapse of modern metanarratives, people are developing a new "language-game"—one that does not make claims to absolute truth but rather celebrates a world of ever-changing relationships (among people and between people and the world). Le postmodernisme nous invite ainsi à adopter une position épistémologique qui se définit par une attitude de résistance et de soupçon envers les … Postmodern philosophy also drew from the world of the arts and architecture, particularly Marcel Duchamp, John Cage and artists who practiced collage, and the architecture of Las Vegas and the Pompidou Centre. There is such a thing as human nature; it consists of faculties, aptitudes, or dispositions that are in some sense present in human beings at birth rather than learned or instilled through social forces. postmoderne - Définitions Français : Retrouvez la définition de postmoderne... - synonymes, homonymes, difficultés, citations. Updates? Through the use of reason and logic, and with the more specialized tools provided by science and technology, human beings are likely to change themselves and their societies for the better. Furthermore, it should be a goal of scientific and historical research to construct such theories, even if they are never perfectly attainable in practice. Lecture audio. Donald Davidson is not usually considered a postmodernist, although he and Rorty have both acknowledged that there are few differences between their philosophies.[20][21]. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. As the 20th century ends, there is reason to believe that a new philosophical epoch is dawning along with the new century, promising to be the richest epoch yet for human understanding. Many postmodernists deny that there are aspects of reality that are objective or that there are statements about reality that are objectively true or false (implying metaphysical relativism), that it is possible to have knowledge of such statements (implying epistemological skepticism or relativism), and that there are objective, or absolute, moral truths or values (implying ethical subjectivism or relativism).
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