[26], Under this framework, knowledge of the rationale behind a translation and the function of a target text are paramount for the translator to produce successful translations. Fondée sur la théorie cognitive de la métaphore (Lakoff and Johnson 1980, 1999 ; Lakoff 1987 ; Johnson 1987 ; Lakoff 1993), l'analyse a permis d'identifier deux métaphores conceptuelles qui ont joué un rôle crucial dans l'élaboration de la … [22] Vermeer and Reiß assertively frame disparate types of text relations using a general framework of skopos (purpose). In a statement made by Vermeer, he stated that:.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, Linguistics alone won’t help us; first, because translating is not merely and not even primarily a linguistic process. [20], Apart from the above elaborated general Skopos Theory, Skopos Theory (as a concept) was later further developed by various academics in the field of translation, distinguishing its development into four stages [1] two of which were combined in a later collaboration of which the beginnings of the modern Skopos Theory could be said to have originated from. The third directive mentions that a translatum’s function in its target culture may not necessarily be the same as in its source culture, emphasising on its element of irreversibility. Pourtant, le concept fondamental de la théorie du skopos de Vermeer étant « l’activité ciblée », celle-ci reste foncièrement pertinente pour un type de texte dont la fonction de base est d’initier sa propre traduction intersémiotique. Paris: Didier. The first and principal directive states that the target text will invariably fall back on the function of the translational action in any commission. [1], The theory first appeared in an article published by linguist Hans Josef Vermeer in the German Journal Lebende Sprachen, 1978. Skopos Theory begets benefits such as streamlining the complications derived when translators and clients have different perceptions of a successful translation, prevalent in past translation theories. These factors determine whether the function of the source text or passages in the source text can be preserved or have to be modified or even changed. La So let’s look somewhere else. [20] However, Vermeer argues that a translational action without a purpose would not be considered as an action to begin with. Dans le cas du sous-titrage, on utilise normalement une branche de la traductologie cibliste, spécialement le courant fonctionnaliste et la théorie de skopos dans lesquels on donne plus d’importance à la fonction qu’à la forme. [22] Vermeer and Reiß assertively frame disparate types of text relations using a general framework of skopos (purpose). [34] [35], There are many different translated versions of the Bible operating on different purposes. [ citation needed ] Thus, under this interpretation, intratextual coherence would specify that a translation is only considered adequate if the receivers can understand the text and interpret it to be coherent with the communicative situation and culture. [33] Via the Skopos rule and the Coherence rule, the requirement that the target text is coherent for the target text receivers will help to inform translators on adjusting the degree of preservation they want such that this coherence is preserved. This kind of translation solves some issues linked to culture, such as dialects, food or architecture. These aforementioned factors can be consistently linked to and/or from special theories, [20] developing to be more functional and target-oriented. [2], Skopos theory was implemented by Vermeer to bridge the gap between practice and theory that existed in the previously widespread and commonplace Equivalence Theory. [5], A communicative interaction can only be regarded as successful if the receivers interpret it as being sufficiently coherent with their situation. "The name and nature of translation studies", "Function + Loyalty: Theology meets Skopos", "Skopos theory: A practical approach in the translation process", "Hans Vermeer Skopos Theory of translation", "Study of Business English translation based on the three rules of Skopos Theory", "All you need to know about legal translation? [citation needed]. [12] The new dimension that highlights a purpose can provide translators a faster and clearer direction to attain their goals of the target text. Skopos theory (German: Skopostheorie), a niche theory in the field of translation studies, employs the prime principle of a purposeful action that determines a translation strategy. Liu also emphasises the importance of being aware of the differences in syntactic structures between the source and target language. Thus, the general skopos theory was established as the foundation of functional theories, with reference to the existing action theory. [38], A single version may also serve multiple functions, hence it is possible for multiple purposes to be identified for the same target text, but it is argued that there should be a hierarchy of importance. Many supporters of the King James Version are disappointed with the departure from this translation to newer translations that use the Critical Text instead of the Byzantine text as the base text. Depending on the needs of the situation, the translator should bear the skopos in mind and determine if a ‘free’ or ‘faithful’ translation should be produced. [27] Moreover, certain art will have the sole purpose of purely existing, for example, ‘art for art’s sake. The Skopos Theory and Tourist Material Translation: With an Analysis of Mt. [1], Skopos theory is a general framework for translators that signals “a move away from the static linguistic typologies of translation shifts”. [17], A commission should comprise as much detailed information as possible on the following (1) the goal, i.e. [14] Action theory, however, has a broader scope than Skopos Theory. … Any criminal who performs major meritorious services may be given a mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment. The former falls under the Coherence rule which is linked to internal textual coherence, and the latter, the fidelity rule which is linked to intertextual coherence with the source text. Sense-for-sense translation is the oldest norm for translating. The information will be displayed on a medium that is on UNSW’s website, for the target readers who are Indonesians. It is an interdisciplinary academic field closely related to literary criticism and translation theory. [1] In this attempt, Vermeer sought another method of translation that would go beyond looking only at the linguistics level and consequently move translation forward from “the eternal dilemmas of free vs. faithful translation, dynamic vs. formal equivalence, good interpreters vs. slavish translators, and so on”, [5] which are problems existing in past translation theories. La visée du texte d'origine est moins importante que celle du texte cible, ce qui s'oppose aux théories qui valorisent … [31] The Fidelity rule revolves around the maintenance of coherence from the source text to the target text. [13] Other scholars suggest that, in the translation of materials, contextual factors have to be considered in the process such as the culture of the reader as well as the client who initiated the translation. It means that “a translation action is determined by its skopos, that is “the end justifies the means.” (Nord 2001:29). Legal translation is the translation of legal and interlingual information. Mais malheureusement, la pratique du sous-titrage reste toujours inconnue en Iran. The Skopos rule thus reads as follows: translate/interpret/speak/write in a way that enables your text/translation to function in the situation it is used and with the people who want to use it and precisely in the way they want it to function. [2], As a realisation of James Holmes’ map of Translation Studies (1972), [3] [4] Skopos theory is the core of the four approaches of German functionalist translation theory [5] that emerged around the late twentieth century. [5] The factor of ‘loyalty’ introduced by Nord can reduce this limitation by examining “the interpersonal relationship between the translator, the source-text sender, the target-text addressees and the initiator”. [5] It is a technical term, coined by Hans Vermeer, that represents the aim of a translation. [33] Legal translation is culture-dependent and there may be specific conventions or concepts that are culture-bound and only exist in the source culture and not the target culture, hence Skopos Theory helps to set a standard for translators for the preservation of elements in their transfer from source to target text. In her translation, Christiane Nord attempts to put skopos theory and her own concept of ‘function plus loyalty’ to the test, by producing a comprehensible, acceptable text for a rather heterogeneous audience of English-speaking students and scholars all over the world, at the same time as acting as a loyal intermediary for the authors, to whom she feels deeply indebted as a former student and colleague. The University of New South Wales is one of Australia’s leading research and teaching universities. [11], The client will provide “as many details as possible about the purpose, explaining the addressees, time, place, occasion and medium of the intended communication and the function the text is intended to have”. [1], The theory first appeared in an article published by linguist Hans Josef Vermeer in the German Journal Lebende Sprachen, 1978. The third ‘overarching’ rule necessitates intertextual coherence between the source and target texts as target texts are produced in accordance to the information offered by source texts. [19] Thus, it can be seen that although Skopos Theory is more target-oriented, the cultural aspects of the source and target languages play important roles. In other words, under this rule, the receivers of the target text, as well as their cultural background and social circumstances, should all be taken into consideration as major factors to produce meaningful translations. Cette théorie associe un mode ou procédé de traduction au type de texte à traduire. Vermeer précise que le skopos ne s’applique pas seulement à une action complète - au texte entier - mais aussi, dans la mesure du possible, à des portions d’actions, … These strategies have been debated for hundreds of years, but the first person to formulate them in their modern sense was Lawrence Venuti, who introduced them to the field of translation studies in 1995 with his book The Translator's Invisibility: A History of Translation. WikiMili. An action is defined as “the action of acting, which means intentionally (at will) bringing about or preventing a change in the world (in nature)”. [1] In this “comparison”, source-culture knowledge is interpreted using the translator’s existing culture-specific knowledge of the source culture, and whether this “comparison” takes an insider or outsider perspective hinges on whether the translator is translating into or from their own language and culture. théorie du skopos, les approches basées sur l’analyse du discours, des registres et des genres. Thirdly, the purpose of a translation strategy or approach, such as to exhibit the structural traits of the source language. Until the late Middle Ages, the Western Church used the Latin Vulgate almost entirely while the Eastern Church, centered in Constantinople, mostly used the Greek Byzantine text. Skopostheorie. Main Themes: Théorie du SKOPOS, Traduction pour l'oralité et la performance, MAP, Critique Textuelle, Analyse du Discours, and Exégèse et traduction interculturelles. Foreignization is the strategy of retaining information from the source text, and involves deliberately breaking the conventions of the target language to preserve its meaning. Skopos Theory as a functionalist theory inherently oversimplifies the linguistic situation of a text[20] and that poses some difficulty in surveying contexts comprehensively. [ citation needed ] Thus, while the Fidelity rule only requires either maximal faithful imitations or minimal to no relevance to the source (or anything within this range), ‘faithfulness’ necessitates the maximum equivalence possible. Eugene A. Nida was a linguist who developed the dynamic-equivalence Bible-translation theory and one of the founders of the modern discipline of translation studies. [5] As quoted from Nord, this rule states: A translation should be acceptable in a sense that it is coherent with the receivers’ situation. La théorie du skopos présente la traduction sous l'angle de son utilité. The Skopos rule thus reads as follows: translate/interpret/speak/write in a way that enables your text/translation to function in the situation it is used and with the people who want to use it and precisely in the way they want it to function. As law is a culture-dependent subject field, legal translation is not necessarily linguistically transparent. Pour comprendre le dernier point du paragraphe précédent, rappelons que la théorie du skopos combine des éléments de la théorie sur les types de textes de Reiss. Numerous criticisms have been addressed toward the application of Skopos theory within translation studies. [40] For example, bibles consist of artistic properties that engage prophetic visions, oratorical principles and analogies such as parables. In addition, Skopos Theory adopts a top-down approach where the emphasis on the source text has been downplayed and overshadowed by the target text. In such texts, contextual factors surrounding them became essential in their translation particularly, when in relation to the function of the text in that specific culture for the specific reader(s). La visée du texte d'origine est moins importante que celle du texte cible, ce qui s'oppose aux théories qui valorisent … [32] Under Skopos Theory, the translation of a text is executed in a way that can be used for the purpose and audience that it is intended for, and three rules of Skopos Theory have been argued to assist translators in legal translations. Consequently, this generates a translatum—the target text (outcome) of a source text. The second rule, the Coherence rule, imposes unto translators the requirement that any target text should make sense according to the target culture of the target language so that the receivers can make sense of it. Using her personal experience of translating Mr. Wolf’s Hotline, a book comprising 47 Chinese children’s stories by Wang Yizhen, a contemporary Chinese writer, in light of the Skopos and text-type theories of functional approach in particular, the author has outlined the strategies and methods adopted in her translations in terms of language, structure and culture. As an interdiscipline, Translation Studies borrows much from the various fields of study that support translation. skopos: tavoite, päämäärä) on Hans Vermeerin ja Katharina Reissin 1980-luvulla kehittämä yleinen käännösteoria, joka on toiminut lähtökohtana funktionaalisten käännösteorioiden synnylle. a specification of the aim of the commission; (2) the conditions under which the intended goal should be attained (naturally including practical matters such as deadline and fee). [1][27] Instead, the Skopos Theory suggests that translations should focus on the target culture and language illustrating the source text, their effects on the reader, and the original author’s purpose as decisive factors, rather than the effects and purposes of the source language. The English language draws a terminological distinction between translating and interpreting ; under this distinction, translation can begin only after the appearance of writing within a language community. noun. The five rules [sic] above stand in hierarchical order, with the Skopos rule predominating. The Interpretive Theory of Translation (ITT) is a concept from the field of Translation Studies. It is also debatable that not all actions have an intention and not all translations involve a purpose as observed in literary texts and art that are stylistically complex, unlike in political and business texts. (1978). Vermeer, H. J. Skopos Theory also does not dictate a specific principle to adopt for a translation commission, [12] providing translators the decisive power to choose from a variety of strategies. [33] Legal translation is culture-dependent and there may be specific conventions or concepts that are culture-bound and only exist in the source culture and not the target culture, hence Skopos Theory helps to set a standard for translators for the preservation of elements in their transfer from source to target text. These factors determine whether the function of the source text or passages in the source text can be preserved or have to be modified or even changed." [31], 对于被判处拘役、三年以下有期徒刑的犯罪分子,根据犯罪分子的犯罪情节和悔罪表现, 适用缓刑确实不致再危害社会的,可以宣告缓刑。, A suspension of sentence may be granted to a criminal sentenced to criminal detention or to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years if, according to the circumstances of his crime and his demonstration of repentance, it is certain that suspension of the sentence will not result in further harm to society. [13] Other scholars suggest that, in the translation of materials, contextual factors have to be considered in the process such as the culture of the reader as well as the client who initiated the translation. [20] This combined approach allowed for the extraction of general factors (that affect the translation process) from occurrences found uniquely in individual cultures and/or languages. There have been various debates concerning the proper family of biblical manuscripts and translation techniques that should be used to translate the Bible into other languages. Domestication is the strategy of making text closely conform to the culture of the language being translated to, which may involve the loss of information from the source text. The Fidelity rule differs from ‘faithfulness’ as the latter is static and unchanging compared to the dynamic nature of the former, where form and degree of the translation changes depending on the translator’s interpretation of the source text. 2. For instance, the headline of an advertisement can undergo a dynamic translation to ensure that the function of a headline, which is to capture the attention of the target audience, is retained and adapted for a different culture consecutively. C'est donc une théorie qui peut s'appliquer à n'importe quel type de traduction. [24] As defined by Vermeer and translated by Nord, the Skopos rule states: Each text is produced for a given purpose and should serve this purpose. The information will be displayed on a medium that is on UNSW’s website, for the target readers who are Indonesians. The third rule, the Fidelity rule, is subordinate to the second rule, the Coherence rule, which in turn is subordinate to the Skopos rule. [12] The new dimension that highlights a purpose can provide translators a faster and clearer direction to attain their goals of the target text. Le skopos ( allemand : Skopostheorie du grec moderne : σκοπός, finalité) est l'une des théories de la traduction. ", https://dspace.aus.edu:8443/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11073/8097/29.232-2015.08%20Khalil%20Haddad.pdf;jsessionid=102309D0F587B2BC49E3F3AD8BF0FF26?sequence=1, "Skopos Theory in the translation of online advertising from English into Arabic", "New American Standard Bible (NASB) - Version Information - BibleGateway.com", "International Children's Bible (ICB) - Version Information - BibleGateway.com", "The Polysystem Theory. [37] The target community dictates the skopos and influences the translators’ decision as to whether they will take a more literal or liberal approach, and it is often reflected in the introductory section of the Bible. [20] As an enhancement, literary works can adopt the Polysystem Theory postulated by Even Zohar where social, cultural, literary and historical properties are considered. Dans cet article, nous allons nous servir de la théorie du skopos, dans la forme développée parHans J. Vermeer dans Reiss & Vermeer (2013), pour décrire les choix traductifs des autotraducteurset des autotraductrices littéraires. Essentially, Skopos Theory rejects equivalence-based translation theories based on their focus on the source text, the purposes of the source text’s author or the effects of a source text on its readers as conclusive determinants in translations. [38] Cheung raises the fact that while Psalm 84:3a could have been translated as "Birds find nooks and crannies in your house", the version used in The Living Bible is more suitable: "Even the sparrows and swallows are welcome to come and nest among your altars". [1] The fourth and fifth directives reiterate the general Skopos “rules” concerning the manner of judging success of the action and information transfer. [29], It presupposes other socio-cultural conventions and the orientation towards the source text as observed in previous translation theories. [11] This establishes new statuses of the source and target text, their relationship, the standards of a translational action and the liability of a translator.[12]. The Skopos theory delimits the act of translation from the traditionally defined notion of equivalence. Premièrement, nous allons rappeler les bases de la théorie; nous allons ensuite les mettre en relation avec certaines lectures de l'autotraductionlittéraire qui semblent éloigner … [24] As defined by Vermeer and translated by Nord, the Skopos rule states: Each text is produced for a given purpose and should serve this purpose. A translatum is determined by its Skopos. Anthony David Pym is a scholar best known for his work in translation studies. [12] For example, if a client requires the target text to be informative, the translator can adopt a strategy that accurately translates technical terms subjected to the cultural norms practiced in the community. The purpose of the translation is to provide information for prospective international students and their parents. [20] This combined approach allowed for the extraction of general factors (that affect the translation process) from occurrences found uniquely in individual cultures and/or languages. [12] Students and translators in training do not have guidelines to follow diligently, [23] possibly posing additional pressure and responsibilities on the translator to seek an adequate translation strategy. [5] It is a technical term, coined by Hans Vermeer, that represents the aim of a translation. [11], The client will provide “as many details as possible about the purpose, explaining the addressees, time, place, occasion and medium of the intended communication and the function the text is intended to have”. : +33 3 83 96 21 76 - Fax : +33 3 83 97 24 56 Researching on the applications of Skopos Theory on Chinese law, scholar Liu Yanping demonstrates strategies such as shifting, omission, cutting, addition, combination and conversion, with an example of omission as follows: 犯罪分子有揭发他人犯罪行为,查证属实的,或者提供重要线索,从而得以侦破其他案件等立功表现的, 可以从轻或者减轻处罚;有重大立功表现的,可以减轻或者免除处罚。犯罪后自首又有重大立功表现的,应当减轻或者免除处罚。, Any criminal who performs such meritorious services as exposing an offence committed by another, which is verified through investigation, or producing important clues for solving other cases may be given a lighter or mitigated punishment. [31] The Fidelity rule revolves around the maintenance of coherence from the source text to the target text. [24] Specifically, the combination of the general Skopos Theory [2] and Katharina Reiß’s Functional Category model [25] introduced in their collaborative articles in 1984 and 1991. [20] This shift had been motivated by the Communication Theory, Action Theory, Text Linguistics and Text Theory, and the orientation towards Reception Theory in Literary Studies. 3. 3, 2006, págs. The intentionality of a translational action stated in a translation brief, the directives, and the rules guide a tran. [citation needed] This would allow the meaning in the content of the text to be conveyed in an accurate manner to the said receivers. 128 ERNST R WENDLAND Vermeer, H J 1989. An approach to children's literature". Additionally, with the tool of a translation brief, it provides translators with an explicit guideline discussed with the client. [39] Translators focus on the target text that takes precedence over the source text while being able to account for a variety of source texts that are translated “consciously and consistently” too. Théorie du skopos. [18], "The name and nature of translation studies", "Function + Loyalty: Theology meets Skopos", "Skopos theory: A practical approach in the translation process", "Hans Vermeer Skopos Theory of translation", "Study of Business English translation based on the three rules of Skopos Theory", "All you need to know about legal translation? The Fidelity rule differs from ‘faithfulness’ as the latter is static and unchanging compared to the dynamic nature of the former, where form and degree of the translation changes depending on the translator’s interpretation of the source text. [12]. Reiss, K., Vermeer, H. J., Nord, C., & Dudenhöfer, M. (2015). [20] However, Vermeer argues that a translational action without a purpose would not be considered as an action to begin with. This pinpoints appropriate translation strategies that the translator can adopt, fulfilling the factor of ‘adequacy’ and the needs of the client. Firstly, a general purpose that a translator strives for, such as translating as a source of professional income. Texto completo (pdf)Resumen. ... réforme de la politique , il y a plus en plus des étrangers qui viennent voyager en Chine.
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